{"id":41887,"date":"2019-06-05T11:12:36","date_gmt":"2019-06-05T10:12:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/resources\/seis-eis-for-foreign-companies\/"},"modified":"2023-03-10T10:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-03-10T10:00:00","slug":"seis-eis-for-foreign-companies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/ie\/resources\/seis-eis-for-foreign-companies\/","title":{"rendered":"SEIS \/ EIS for non-UK companies: how to qualify as a foreign company"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Many people don&#8217;t know that you can offer SEIS &amp; EIS to UK investors even if you are a French, German, US startup &#8211; or from anywhere really!<\/p>\n<p>In order to qualify for SEIS &amp; EIS, a company doesn&#8217;t need to be incorporated in the UK, but it does need to register as a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/hmrc-internal-manuals\/venture-capital-schemes-manual\/vcm13030\">UK permanent establishment<\/a>, which means either:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>it has a fixed place of business in the UK through which the company\u2019s business is wholly or partly carried on; or<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>an agent acting on behalf of the company has and habitually exercises authority to enter into contracts on behalf of the company.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The company must maintain their UK permanent establishment for the whole of the three year period from the date <a href=\"https:\/\/help.seedlegals.com\/en\/articles\/2747873-what-is-trading-for-seis-eis\">trading<\/a> started or from the date the SEIS &amp; EIS shares were issued.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The Fixed Place of Business Test<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A fixed place of business in the UK is defined as a place (any place of work, e.g. a branch, an office, a factory\/workshop, or a project site) where an essential or substantial part of your business is carried out. This means the business activities that are carried out in the UK can\u2019t be auxiliary or preparatory in nature, and HMRC give some examples of this as: storage or display of goods or merchandise belonging to the company; the maintenance of stock owned by the company for storage, display, or delivery; purchasing goods of merchandise or collecting information for the company; the maintenance of stock owned by the company for the purpose of processing by another person.<\/p>\n<p>HMRC don\u2019t on purpose give an exact definition of auxiliary or preparatory activities, they will review every application from non-UK company on a case by case basis. This means, when completing your SEIS &amp; EIS Advance Assurance or SEIS &amp; EIS Compliance application and on the application form or as part of a separate letter, give reasons to why you believe a substantial part of your business activity is carried out in the UK.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Can I raise SEIS &amp; EIS funds as a non-UK holding company \/ TopCo?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>An overseas-registered parent company must itself have a permanent establishment in the UK for it to qualify for SEIS &amp; EIS, it can\u2019t just have a subsidiary resident in the UK. And it won\u2019t work taking investment into the subsidiary, because <a href=\"https:\/\/help.seedlegals.com\/en\/articles\/2837664-i-have-a-holding-and-a-subsidiary-company-what-to-do-about-seis-eis\">SEIS &amp; EIS investment must be taken into the TopCo.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Can I raise SEIS &amp; EIS funds as a non-UK subsidiary with a UK holding company or TopCo?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>If you are a UK holding company, the administrative and management functions of your company is enough to qualify as essential business carried out in the UK. The business of your trading subsidiaries doesn\u2019t need to be carried out in the UK.<\/p>\n<p>When taking investment as a holding and subsidiary company, investment must be taken into the TopCo. You can then use the funding to carry out a qualifying trade in a foreign subsidiary as long as the subsidiary is 90 % plus owned by the TopCo.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The UK Agent Test<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Another way of qualifying for SEIS &amp; EIS as a foreign company is by having an agent working in the UK. A UK agent is defined as a person who can exercise his authority in the UK to enter into contracts on behalf of the company. This means the agent must plan to, or already has, repeatedly entered into binding contracts affecting the company that relate to the substantive business of the company and not relating to activities that are auxiliary or preparatory in nature. The definition of auxiliary and preparatory is the same as that given above, and once again, to qualify under the UK agents test you will need to provide reasoning and evidence to HMRC as part of your application.<\/p>\n<p>\u200d<\/p>\n<p>It is important to note, to qualify for SEIS &amp; EIS as a foreign company you will need to register as an overseas company in the UK and fill in an OS IN01 form. For more information follow this link:<br \/>\n\u200d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/register-as-an-overseas-company\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/register-as-an-overseas-company<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u200d<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<p>If you plan to get SEIS &amp; EIS Advance Assurance for a non-UK company, contact us before starting your application so we can advise on the additional information that you&#8217;ll need to provide as part of the application. Hit the chat feature in the bottom right corner to speak to the SeedLegals team!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Make your company more attractive to UK investors &#8211; startups from France, Germany, Spain, the US or anywhere can qualify for SEIS and EIS &#8211; here&#8217;s how.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":429456,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[103],"tags":[],"event_tags":[],"class_list":["post-41887","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-seis-eis-ie"],"acf":{"hero_image":429456,"post_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"text","text":"<p>Many people don&#8217;t know that non-UK companies can offer investments to UK investors which qualify for the Enterprise Investment Schemes (<a href=\"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/ie\/resources\/seis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SEIS<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/ie\/resources\/eis-scheme\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EIS<\/a>). It doesn&#8217;t matter if your startup is based in France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Estonia, the US &#8211; or anywhere! It&#8217;s possible.<\/p>\n<p>In this post, we explain how non-UK companies can qualify for SEIS \/ EIS and become much more attractive to UK investors.<\/p>\n<h3>Contents<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#register\">Register as an overseas company<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#place-of-business\">Does your company have a UK fixed place of business?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#agent\">Does your company have a UK agent?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#maintain-for-3-years\">Maintain your UK establish for at least three years<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#non-uk-parent\">Non-UK parent or holding company: how to to take SEIS \/ EIS investment<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#non-uk-subsidiary\">Non-UK subsidiary with a UK holding or parent company: how to to take SEIS \/ EIS investment<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#talk-to-an-expert\">Talk to an expert<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"text","text":"<h2><a id=\"register\"><\/a>Register as an overseas company<\/h2>\n<p>To qualify for SEIS \/ EIS, your company doesn&#8217;t need to be <em>incorporated<\/em> in the UK, but it does need to register as a having a <strong>permanent establishment<\/strong>\u00a0in the UK.<\/p>\n<p>There&#8217;s a full description of how HMRC defines a UK permanent establishment on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/hmrc-internal-manuals\/venture-capital-schemes-manual\/vcm55040\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gov.uk website<\/a> &#8211; in brief, it means either:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the company has a <strong>fixed place of business<\/strong> in the UK, through which the company&#8217;s business is wholly or partly carried out<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>or<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the company has an <strong>agent<\/strong> who has authority to enter into contracts on behalf of the company, and regularly does this<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Below in this post, we&#8217;ll look at what exactly HMRC means by <strong>fixed place of business<\/strong> and <strong>agent<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>As well as meeting one or both of these criteria, you&#8217;ll need to register as an overseas company in the UK within one month of establishing the business filling in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/register-a-uk-establishment-of-an-overseas-company-os-in01\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">OS IN01 form<\/a> and sending it to Companies House. There are full details on how to do this at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/register-as-an-overseas-company\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gov.uk website<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"text","text":"<h2><strong><a id=\"place-of-business\"><\/a>Does your company have a UK fixed place of business?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>A <strong>fixed place of business<\/strong> in the UK is defined as any place of work, for example a branch, office, factory, workshop or project site where an essential or substantial part of your business is carried out.<\/p>\n<p>This means the business activities your company carries out in the UK can&#8217;t be <em>auxiliary or preparatory<\/em>. HMRC give some examples of activities which might be considered auxiliary or preparatory:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>storing or displaying goods or merchandise belonging to the company<\/li>\n<li>maintaining stock owned by the company for storage, display, or delivery<\/li>\n<li>purchasing goods or merchandise or collecting information for the company<\/li>\n<li>maintaining stock owned by the company for the purpose of processing by another person<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>HMRC deliberately doesn&#8217;t give an exhaustive list of auxiliary or preparatory activities &#8211; they review every SEIS \/ EIS application from non-UK companies individually. When you&#8217;re completing your application for <a href=\"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/ie\/start\/seis-eis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SEIS \/ EIS Advance Assurance<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/ie\/raise\/seis-eis-compliance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SEIS \/ EIS Compliance<\/a>, make sure you state the reasons why you believe a substantial part of your business activity is carried out in the UK. You can put this on the application form or in a separate letter.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"expert_highlight","expert_highlight":{"":null,"image":{"ID":30814,"id":30814,"title":"Zlatina Trifonova","filename":"Zlatina-Trifonova.png","filesize":99468,"url":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","link":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","alt":"Zlatina Trifonova","author":"83","description":"Zlatina Trifonova","caption":"Zlatina Trifonova","name":"f4142b5d379645f0a58e3f3a19014e51","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":41887,"date":"2022-08-23 15:55:21","modified":"2023-11-14 14:24:53","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/png","type":"image","subtype":"png","icon":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":387,"height":388,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova-150x150.png","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova-300x300.png","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","medium_large-width":387,"medium_large-height":388,"large":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","large-width":387,"large-height":388,"_themosis_media":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova-100x100.png","_themosis_media-width":100,"_themosis_media-height":100,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","1536x1536-width":387,"1536x1536-height":388,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","2048x2048-width":387,"2048x2048-height":388,"themosis":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova-200x150.png","themosis-width":200,"themosis-height":150,"tog-small":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova-300x301.png","tog-small-width":300,"tog-small-height":301,"tog-medium":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","tog-medium-width":387,"tog-medium-height":388,"tog-large":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","tog-large-width":387,"tog-large-height":388,"tog-huge":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","tog-huge-width":387,"tog-huge-height":388}},"quote":"<p>In our experience, HMRC will expect at least some sort of physical presence in the UK. A PO box or virtual office won&#8217;t be sufficient. As evidence, HMRC will want to see the lease of the property. If you&#8217;re working from a WeWork or co-working space, then your contract for the co-working company will do.<\/p>\n","name":{"title":"Zlatina Trifonova","url":"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/zlatina-trifonova-b7628412b\/","target":"_blank"},"role":"SEIS\/EIS expert","company":{"title":"SeedLegals","url":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/ie\/","target":"_blank"},"linkedin":"","facebook":"","instagram":"","twitter":"","hide_image":false}},{"acf_fc_layout":"text","text":"<h2><strong><a id=\"agent\"><\/a>Does your company have a UK agent?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Another way of qualifying for SEIS \/ EIS as a foreign company is by having an agent working for you in the UK.<\/p>\n<p>A UK<strong> agent<\/strong> is defined as a person who can exercise their authority in the UK to enter into contracts on behalf of your company. Merely maintaining an employee in the UK is not enough.<\/p>\n<p>This means the agent must plan to, or already has, repeatedly entered into contracts <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that bind the company<\/span>. The contracts must be to do with the <em>substantive business<\/em> of the company and not related to activities which are <em>auxiliary<\/em> or <em>preparatory<\/em>. The definition of auxiliary and preparatory is the same as above.<\/p>\n<p>If you have a UK agent, make sure you explain this clearly in your SEIS \/ EIS application and submit evidence.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"expert_highlight","expert_highlight":{"":null,"image":{"ID":30814,"id":30814,"title":"Zlatina Trifonova","filename":"Zlatina-Trifonova.png","filesize":99468,"url":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","link":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","alt":"Zlatina Trifonova","author":"83","description":"Zlatina Trifonova","caption":"Zlatina Trifonova","name":"f4142b5d379645f0a58e3f3a19014e51","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":41887,"date":"2022-08-23 15:55:21","modified":"2023-11-14 14:24:53","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/png","type":"image","subtype":"png","icon":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":387,"height":388,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova-150x150.png","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova-300x300.png","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","medium_large-width":387,"medium_large-height":388,"large":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","large-width":387,"large-height":388,"_themosis_media":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova-100x100.png","_themosis_media-width":100,"_themosis_media-height":100,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","1536x1536-width":387,"1536x1536-height":388,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","2048x2048-width":387,"2048x2048-height":388,"themosis":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova-200x150.png","themosis-width":200,"themosis-height":150,"tog-small":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova-300x301.png","tog-small-width":300,"tog-small-height":301,"tog-medium":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","tog-medium-width":387,"tog-medium-height":388,"tog-large":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","tog-large-width":387,"tog-large-height":388,"tog-huge":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Zlatina-Trifonova.png","tog-huge-width":387,"tog-huge-height":388}},"quote":"<p>If you have one or more of your company directors resident in the UK, then that&#8217;s usually sufficient to count as an &#8216;agent&#8217; in the UK because directors can enter into contracts on behalf of the company. As evidence, HMRC will want to see the employment contract for the director(s).<\/p>\n","name":{"title":"Zlatina Trifonova","url":"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/zlatina-trifonova-b7628412b\/","target":"_blank"},"role":"SEIS\/EIS expert","company":{"title":"SeedLegals","url":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/ie\/","target":"_blank"},"linkedin":"","facebook":"","instagram":"","twitter":"","hide_image":false}},{"acf_fc_layout":"text","text":"<h2><a id=\"maintain-for-3-years\"><\/a>Maintain your UK establish for at least three years<\/h2>\n<p>To make sure investments in your company stay eligible for SEIS \/ EIS, your company must maintain your permanent establishment in the UK for three years from the date <a href=\"https:\/\/help.seedlegals.com\/en\/articles\/2747873-what-is-trading-for-seis-eis\">trading started<\/a>, or from the date you issued the SEIS \/ EIS shares.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"cta","cta":{"type":"default","subheading":"SEIS\/EIS Advance Assurance","heading":"Attract UK investors with SEIS and EIS","content":"Prove investments in your non-UK company qualify for SEIS \/ EIS tax relief. Apply for Advance Assurance with the help of our experts.","bullet_points":false,"form":{"type":"none","hubspot_form":{"layout":"newsletter","hide_founderinvestor_toggle":false,"default_community":"founder","custom_form_id":"","gdpr_disclaimer":"By subscribing, you agree to receive information from SeedLegals. You can unsubscribe anytime. View our <a href=\"\/privacy-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">privacy policy<\/a>"},"custom":{"embed":""},"gtm_form_type":"default","gtm_form_location":"default"},"button":{"title":"Get started","url":"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/ie\/start\/seis-eis\/","target":""},"image":10197}},{"acf_fc_layout":"text","text":"<h2><strong><a id=\"non-uk-parent\"><\/a>Non-UK parent or holding company: how to to take SEIS \/ EIS investment<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>An overseas-registered parent or holding company must itself have a permanent establishment in the UK to qualify for SEIS \/ EIS &#8211; the parent can&#8217;t just have a <em>subsidiary<\/em> resident in the UK.<\/p>\n<p>Investments won&#8217;t qualify for SEIS \/ EIS if they&#8217;re taken into the subsidiary because <a href=\"https:\/\/help.seedlegals.com\/en\/articles\/2837664-i-have-a-holding-and-a-subsidiary-company-what-to-do-about-seis-eis\">SEIS &amp; EIS investment must be taken into the TopCo<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><a id=\"non-uk-subsidiary\"><\/a>Non-UK subsidiary with a UK holding or parent company: how to to take SEIS \/ EIS investment<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>If you have a UK parent or holding company (also known as a TopCo) and the administrative and management functions of your company are based in the UK, your company is likely to qualify for SEIS\/EIS. The business of your subsidiaries doesn\u2019t need to be carried out in the UK.<\/p>\n<p>If you&#8217;re taking investment into both your holding or parent company and subsidiary company, for the investment to qualify for SEIS \/ EIS, it must be taken <em>into the holding company<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>You can then use the money to carry out a qualifying trade in a foreign subsidiary, as long as the parent company owns 90% or more of the subsidiary.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"text","text":"<h2><a id=\"talk-to-an-expert\"><\/a>Talk to an expert<\/h2>\n<p>If you&#8217;re thinking about getting <a href=\"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/ie\/start\/seis-eis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SEIS \/ EIS Advance Assurance<\/a> for a non-UK company, we can help. To talk to one of our experts about the information you&#8217;ll need to give in your application, and how to maximise your chances of being given Advance Assurance by HMRC, <a href=\"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/ie\/meetings\/talk-to-an-expert\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">book a free call<\/a>.<\/p>\n"}],"blog_layout":"default","show_author_card":false,"revision_date":"2023-03-10 10:00:00","has_custom_post_authors":true,"is_expert_reviewed":true,"has_sources":false,"related_posts":false,"custom_post_authors":{"authors":[{"author":{"ID":94,"user_firstname":"Zlatina","user_lastname":"Trifonova","nickname":"Zlatina Trifonova","user_nicename":"zlatina-trifonova","display_name":"Zlatina Trifonova","user_email":"wordpress01@seedlegals.com","user_url":"","user_registered":"2022-08-23 15:58:00","user_description":"","user_avatar":"<img alt='' src='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f9f138fa0ff1f3d2e956a09301ee6df0eeb705ea5d590dc8a42308a4d255f688?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f9f138fa0ff1f3d2e956a09301ee6df0eeb705ea5d590dc8a42308a4d255f688?s=192&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-96 photo' height='96' width='96' loading='lazy' decoding='async'\/>"},"role":"Writer"},{"author":{"ID":59,"user_firstname":"Suzanne","user_lastname":"Worthington","nickname":"Suzanne","user_nicename":"suzanne","display_name":"Suzanne Worthington","user_email":"suzanne@seedlegals.com","user_url":"","user_registered":"2021-06-28 14:01:42","user_description":"","user_avatar":"<img alt='' src='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5d3c1da334901c03d517ea702d79c30641a73c5cf74c7cd2fb8e7f8a78db5479?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5d3c1da334901c03d517ea702d79c30641a73c5cf74c7cd2fb8e7f8a78db5479?s=192&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-96 photo' height='96' width='96' loading='lazy' decoding='async'\/>"},"role":"Editor"}]},"expert_reviewed":{"heading":"Expert reviewed","tooltip_message":"This article has been fact-checked by a SeedLegals subject matter expert.<br><br><a href=\"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/authors-and-experts\/\" target=\"_blank\">Meet our experts<\/a> and learn more about our review process and quality assurance in our <a href=\"https:\/\/seedlegals.com\/editorial-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\">editorial policy<\/a>."},"post_content_width":"default"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - 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